ACIP recommends vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection for all previously unvaccinated people who anticipate having close personal contact with an international adoptee from a country of high or intermediate endemicity during the first 60 days following the adoptee’s arrival in the U.S. In addition to the adoptee’s new parents and siblings, this group might include grandparents, other household members, regular babysitters and other caregivers. The first dose of HepA should be given to close contacts as soon as adoption is planned, ideally at least 2 weeks before the arrival of the adoptee. A second dose should be given no sooner than 6 months after the first dose.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
The 2020 ACIP recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A define a person experiencing homelessness as 1) a person who lacks housing (regardless of whether the person is a member of a family), including a person whose primary residence during the night is a supervised public or private facility (e.g., shelter) that provides temporary living accommodations and a person who is a resident in transitional housing, 2) a person without permanent housing who might: live on the streets, stay in a shelter, mission, single-room occupancy facility, abandoned building, vehicle, or any other unstable or nonpermanent situation, or 3) who is “doubled up”, a term that refers to a situation where persons are unable to maintain their housing situation and are forced to stay with a series of friends or extended family members. In addition, previously homeless persons who are to be released from a prison or a hospital might be considered homeless if they do not have a stable housing situation to which they can return. The instability of a person’s living arrangements is critical to the definition of homelessness.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
While a complete series of HepA is recommended for long-term protection, even a single dose of HepA vaccine has been demonstrated to provide protection against hepatitis A for more than 10 years and can prevent or control outbreaks of hepatitis A. People who are experiencing homelessness may have difficulty protecting themselves from exposure to HAV in other ways because of their living conditions. They should be vaccinated when possible and provided a record of immunization. Reporting the HepA vaccination to a state immunization information system also can facilitate immunization assessment at future healthcare encounters.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
No. A number of studies have shown that HCP are not at significantly increased risk of HAV infection because of their occupation. However, if HCPs are going to work (or vacation) in a country with a high or intermediate endemic rate of HAV infection, they are at risk of HAV infection and should be vaccinated. The only occupational indications for routine HepA vaccination are work with non-human primates or live HAV in a laboratory setting.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
No. In the past, outbreaks of hepatitis A occurred among children in child care centers, infecting employees of those centers, especially those caring for infants and toddlers. Following widespread adoption of early childhood vaccination against hepatitis A, outbreaks in child care centers are now rare.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
Although not at increased risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, people with chronic liver disease are at increased risk for fulminant hepatitis A, hospitalization, and death if they become infected with HAV. For this reason, HepA vaccination is recommended for them.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
In published reports of three serologic surveys conducted among United States wastewater workers and appropriate comparison populations, no substantial or consistent increase in the prevalence of anti-HAV was identified among wastewater workers. No work-related instances of hepatitis A transmission have been reported among wastewater workers in the United States. In addition, in the United States, outbreaks of hepatitis A caused by flooding, which can carry raw sewage, have not been reported.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
People with clotting factor disorders were originally recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) in 1996. At that time, the process used to make clotting factor supplements did not reliably inactivate hepatitis A viruses and recipients of these products had an increased risk of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Modern blood donor screening and virus reduction steps have drastically reduced that risk. In addition, more than 80% of people with clotting factor disorders now receive recombinant clotting factor concentrates that are sterilized and have no risk of HAV transmission. As a result of these factors, people with clotting factor disorders now have no greater risk of hepatitis A than the general population and are no longer recommended to receive HepA vaccine unless it is otherwise indicated.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
Because of measles. Measles is highly communicable and poses a serious threat to the health of unvaccinated infants. For this reason, all infants age 6 through 11 months who travel internationally are recommended to receive a dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) to reduce the risk of measles infection during travel.
The antibodies in immune globulin (IG) typically used to prevent HAV infection in infants before the first birthday can interfere with the effectiveness of MMR vaccine. An infant who is given IG should not be vaccinated with MMR or varicella vaccines for at least 6 months after IG administration. If an infant age 6 through 11 months is traveling to a destination where protection from infection with HAV is desired, ACIP recommends off-label use of HepA vaccine (not IG) in addition to MMR. The HepA and MMR doses administered before the first birthday do not count toward the routine vaccination series of either vaccine: these infant travelers will still need two doses of HepA and two doses of MMR when age appropriate.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
Yes. The ACIP recommends that pregnant people at risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection during pregnancy or at risk for a severe outcome from HAV infection should be vaccinated during pregnancy if not previously vaccinated. Pregnant people should be vaccinated for the same indications as non-pregnant people. For additional information, see page 20 of the recommendations: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/pdfs/rr6905a1-H.pdf.
Last reviewed:
June 25, 2023
