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    • Vaccines A-ZOur immunization resources organized by vaccine
          • Adenovirus
          • Anthrax
          • BCG
          • Chikungunya
          • Cholera
          • COVID-19
          • Dengue
          • Diphtheria
          • Ebola
          • Hepatitis A
          • Hepatitis B
          • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
          • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
          • Influenza
          • Japanese Encephalitis
          • Measles
          • Meningococcal ACWY
          • Meningococcal B
          • Mpox
          • Mumps
          • Pertussis
          • Pneumococcal
          • Polio
          • Rabies
          • Rotavirus
          • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
          • Rubella
          • Smallpox
          • TBE (Tick-borne Encephalitis)
          • Tetanus
          • Typhoid
          • Varicella (Chickenpox)
          • Yellow Fever
          • Zoster (Shingles)
    • VISsAccess current Vaccine Information Statements from CDC
          • VISs Overview
          • VIS-Related Resources
          • Translations
          • Adenovirus
          • Anthrax
          • Cholera
          • COVID-19
          • Dengue
          • DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
          • Ebola
          • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
          • Hepatitis A
          • Hepatitis B
          • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
          • Influenza (Inactivated or Recombinant)
          • Influenza (Live Intranasal)
          • Japanese Encephalitis
          • Meningococcal ACWY
          • Meningococcal B
          • MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
          • MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella)
          • Multi-Vaccine
          • PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate)
          • PPSV (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide)
          • Polio
          • Rabies
          • Rotavirus
          • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
          • RSV Preventive Antibody – IIS
          • Smallpox/Monkeypox
          • TBE (Tick-borne Encephalitis)
          • Td (Tetanus, Diphtheria)
          • Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis)
          • Typhoid
          • Varicella (Chickenpox)
          • Yellow Fever
          • Zoster (Shingles)
    • VIS TranslationsVaccine-specific VISs translated into dozens of languages
    • Travel VaccinesInformation about travelers’ health and vaccination
    • Vaccine History TimelineNotable milestones in immunization going back to 400 BC
    • CDC Recommended SchedulesCurrent immunization schedules from CDC
    • ACIP Vaccine RecommendationsAs endorsed and published by CDC
  • Clinical Resources
    • Clinical Resources A-ZOur printable resources designed to help healthcare professionals in all aspects of immunization practice
          • Search All Clinical Resources
          • All Patient Handouts
          • All Resources for Staff & Providers
          • Translations
          • Addressing Vaccination Anxiety
          • Administering Vaccines
          • Adolescent Vaccination
          • Adult Vaccination
          • Contraindications & Precautions
          • Documenting Vaccination
          • Healthcare Personnel
          • Managing Vaccine Reactions
          • Parent Handouts
          • Pregnancy and Vaccines
          • Q&As by Diseases and Vaccines
          • Schedules for Patients
          • Screening Checklists
          • Standing Orders Templates
          • Storage & Handling
          • Strategies & Policies
          • Vaccine Confidence
          • VIS-Related Resources
          • Vaccine Recommendations
    • Vaccine Confidence & Addressing ConcernsPractical resources to help providers respond to patient concerns
          • Vaccine Confidence Overview
          • Addressing Vaccination Anxiety
          • Adjuvants
          • Alternative Schedules
          • Autism
          • Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Partner Resources
          • Importance of Vaccines
          • Improving the Vaccination Experience
          • MMR Vaccine
          • Religious Concerns
          • Responding to Parents
          • Thimerosal
          • Unprotected People Stories
          • Vaccine Hesitancy
          • Vaccine Safety
    • Image LibraryPhotos related to vaccine-preventable diseases
          • Image Library Overview
          • Anthrax
          • Diphtheria
          • Hepatitis A
          • Hepatitis B
          • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
          • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
          • Influenza
          • Measles
          • Meningococcal
          • Mpox
          • Mumps
          • Pertussis
          • Pneumococcal
          • Polio
          • Rabies
          • Rotavirus
          • Rubella
          • Smallpox
          • Tetanus
          • Vaccination
          • Varicella (Chickenpox)
          • Zoster (Shingles)
    • External ResourcesContact information and resources for immunization providers
          • Vaccine Manufacturers
          • Vaccine Apps
          • Email News Services
          • Immunize.org Partners
    • Webinars & VideosOur library of educational videos and webinar recordings
  • Ask the Experts
    • Ask the ExpertsPractical answers to more than a thousand clinical questions about vaccines from our experts
          • Ask the Experts Overview
          • View All Questions
          • View All Video Questions

          • Vaccine Topics

          • COVID-19
          • Dengue
          • Diphtheria
          • Hepatitis A
          • Hepatitis B
          • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
          • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
          • Influenza
          • MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
          • Meningococcal ACWY
          • Meningococcal B
          • Pertussis
          • Pneumococcal
          • Polio
          • Rabies
          • Rotavirus
          • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
          • Tetanus
          • Varicella (Chickenpox)
          • Zoster (Shingles)

          • General Topics

          • Administering Vaccines
          • Billing & Reimbursement
          • Combination Vaccines
          • Contraindications & Precautions
          • Documenting Vaccination
          • Scheduling Vaccines
          • Storage & Handling
          • Travel Vaccines
          • Vaccine Recommendations
          • Vaccine Safety
          • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
  • Official Guidance
    • CDCKey CDC resources for immunization providers
          • CDC Recommended Schedules
          • ACIP Vaccine Recommendations
          • Additional CDC Resources
    • FDAFDA vaccine package inserts and related content
          • Package Inserts & EUAs
          • Additional FDA Resources
    • StatesState school immunization requirements, related websites, and key state public health contact information
          • Vaccine-Specific Requirements
          • State Exemptions
          • State Immunization Websites
          • Additional State Resources
    • WHOPosition papers on vaccines and other vaccine-related resources from the World Health Organization
  • News & Updates
    • IZ Express NewsletterWeekly digest of important immunization news and updates
          • About IZ Express
          • Current Issue
          • Browse All Issues
    • What's New on Immunize.orgChronological listing of our website content updates
    • Official Release RepositoryChronological listing of vaccine-related announcements from FDA, CDC, and ACIP
    • Calendar of EventsImmunization-related events, including national conferences and training programs, plus Immunize.org webinars
    • Publication ArchivesRepository of our publications since 1994, including IAC Express (now IZ Express), Needle Tips, and more
  • About
    • Our OrganizationLearn about our mission, our people, and our recognition and honors
          • Overview
          • Our People
          • Board of Directors
          • Recognition
          • Contact Us
    • Our HistoryLearn about our history and our founder, Deborah L. Wexler, MD. Browse past publications in our archives
          • Our Founder
          • Publication Archives
          • Our History Through Film
    • Financial SupportView our supporters and learn how to join our corporate membership program
          • Funding
          • Corporate Membership Program
    • Recognizing ExcellenceOur honor rolls for institutions with vaccination policies that protect lives, plus our Becky Payne Award recipients

          • Patient Safety Honor Rolls

          • Influenza Vaccination Honor Roll
          • Hepatitis B Birth Dose Honor Roll
          • MenB Vaccination Honor Roll
          • Honor Rolls Honorees
          • The Immunize.org Becky Payne Award
    • MediaInformation for the media, including how to request an interview, past press mentions, and our press releases
          • Press Room
          • Press Releases
          • Immunize.org In the News
  • Vaccines & VISs
  • Clinical Resources
  • Ask the Experts
  • Official Guidance
  • News & Updates
  • About
  • IZ Express
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  • Guide
Vaccines
  • Vaccines A-Z
    Our immunization resources organized by vaccine
    • Adenovirus
    • Anthrax
    • BCG
    • Chikungunya
    • Cholera
    • COVID-19
    • Dengue
    • Diphtheria
    • Ebola
    • Hepatitis A
    • Hepatitis B
    • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
    • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
    • Influenza
    • Japanese Encephalitis
    • Measles
    • Meningococcal ACWY
    • Meningococcal B
    • Mpox
    • Mumps
    • Pertussis
    • Pneumococcal
    • Polio
    • Rabies
    • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
    • Rotavirus
    • Rubella
    • Smallpox
    • Tetanus
    • TBE (Tick-borne Encephalitis)
    • Typhoid
    • Varicella (Chickenpox)
    • Yellow Fever
    • Zoster (Shingles)
  • VISs
    Access current Vaccine Information Statements from CDC
    • VISs Overview
    • VIS-Related Resources
    • Translations
    • Adenovirus
    • Anthrax
    • Cholera
    • COVID-19
    • Dengue
    • DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
    • Ebola
    • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
    • Hepatitis A
    • Hepatitis B
    • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
    • Influenza (Inactivated or Recombinant)
    • Influenza (Live Intranasal)
    • Japanese Encephalitis
    • Meningococcal ACWY
    • Meningococcal B
    • MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
    • MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella)
    • Multi-Vaccine
    • PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate)
    • PPSV (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide)
    • Polio
    • Rabies
    • Rotavirus
    • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
    • RSV Preventive Antibody – IIS
    • Smallpox/Monkeypox
    • TBE (Tick-borne Encephalitis)
    • Td (Tetanus, Diphtheria)
    • Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis)
    • Typhoid
    • Varicella (Chickenpox)
    • Yellow Fever
    • Zoster (Shingles)
  • VIS Translations
    Vaccine-specific VISs translated into dozens of languages
  • Travel Vaccines
    Information about travelers’ health and vaccination
  • Vaccine History Timeline
    Notable milestones in immunization going back to 400 BC
  • CDC Recommended Schedules
    Current immunization schedules from CDC
  • ACIP Vaccine Recommendations
    As endorsed and published by CDC
Clinical Resources
  • Clinical Resources A-Z
    Our printable resources designed to help healthcare professionals in all aspects of immunization practice
    • Search All Clinical Resources
    • All Patient Handouts
    • All Resources for Staff & Providers
    • Translations
    • By Topic
      • Addressing Vaccination Anxiety
      • Administering Vaccines
      • Adolescent Vaccination
      • Adult Vaccination
      • Contraindications & Precautions
      • Documenting Vaccination
      • Healthcare Personnel
      • Managing Vaccine Reactions
      • Parent Handouts
      • Pregnancy and Vaccines
      • Q&As by Diseases and Vaccines
      • Schedules for Patients
      • Screening Checklists
      • Standing Orders Templates
      • Storage & Handling
      • Strategies & Policies
      • Vaccine Confidence
      • VIS-Related Resources
      • Vaccine Recommendations
  • Vaccine Confidence & Addressing Concerns
    Practical resources to help providers respond to patient concerns
    • Vaccine Confidence Overview
    • Adjuvants
    • Alternative Schedules
    • Autism
    • Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Partner Resources
    • Importance of Vaccines
    • Improving the Vaccination Experience
    • MMR Vaccine
    • Religious Concerns
    • Responding to Parents
    • Thimerosal
    • Unprotected People Stories
    • Vaccine Hesitancy
    • Vaccine Safety
  • Image Library
    Photos related to vaccine-preventable diseases
    • Image Library Overview
    • Anthrax
    • Diphtheria
    • Hepatitis A
    • Hepatitis B
    • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
    • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
    • Influenza
    • Measles
    • Meningococcal
    • Mpox
    • Mumps
    • Pertussis
    • Pneumococcal
    • Polio
    • Rabies
    • Rotavirus
    • Rubella
    • Smallpox
    • Tetanus
    • Vaccination
    • Varicella (Chickenpox)
    • Zoster (Shingles)
  • External Resources
    Contact information and resources for immunization providers
    • Vaccine Manufacturers
    • Vaccine Apps
    • Email News Services
    • Immunize.org Partners
  • Webinars & Videos
    Our library of educational videos and webinar recordings
Ask the Experts
  • Ask the Experts
    Practical answers to more than a thousand clinical questions about vaccines from our experts
    • Ask the Experts Overview
    • View All Questions
    • View All Video Questions
    • By Vaccine
      • COVID-19
      • Dengue
      • Diphtheria
      • Hepatitis A
      • Hepatitis B
      • Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b)
      • HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
      • Influenza
      • MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
      • Meningococcal ACWY
      • Meningococcal B
      • Pertussis
      • Pneumococcal
      • Polio
      • Rabies
      • Rotavirus
      • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
      • Tetanus
      • Typhoid
      • Varicella (Chickenpox)
      • Yellow Fever
      • Zoster (Shingles)
    • By Topic
      • Administering Vaccines
      • Billing & Reimbursement
      • Combination Vaccines
      • Contraindications & Precautions
      • Documenting Vaccination
      • Scheduling Vaccines
      • Storage & Handling
      • Travel Vaccines
      • Vaccine Recommendations
      • Vaccine Safety
Official Guidance
  • CDC
    Key CDC resources for immunization providers
    • CDC Recommended Schedules
    • ACIP Vaccine Recommendations
    • Additional CDC Resources
  • FDA
    FDA vaccine package inserts and related content
    • Package Inserts & EUAs
    • Additional FDA Resources
  • States
    State school immunization requirements, related websites, and key state public health contact information
    • Vaccine-Specific Requirements
    • State Exemptions
    • State Immunization Websites
    • Additional State Resources
  • WHO
    Position papers on vaccines and other vaccine-related resources from the World Health Organization
News & Updates
  • IZ Express Newsletter
    Weekly digest of important immunization news and updates
    • About IZ Express
    • Current Issue
    • Browse All Issues
  • What’s New on Immunize.org
    Chronological listing of our website content updates
  • Official Release Repository
    Chronological listing of vaccine-related announcements from FDA, CDC, and ACIP
  • Calendar of Events
    Immunization-related events, including national conferences and training programs, plus Immunize.org webinars
  • Publication Archives
    Repository of our publications since 1994, including IAC Express (now IZ Express), Needle Tips, and more
About
  • Our Organization
    Learn about our mission, our people, and our recognition and honors
    • Overview
    • Our People
    • Board of Directors
    • Recognition
    • Contact Us
  • Our History
    Learn about our history and our founder, Deborah L. Wexler, MD. Browse past publications in our archives
    • Our Founder
    • All Publication Archives
    • Our History Through Film
  • Financial Support
    View our supporters and learn how to join our corporate membership program
    • Funding
    • Corporate Membership Program
  • Recognizing Excellence
    Our honor rolls for institutions with vaccination policies that protect lives, plus our Becky Payne Award recipients
    • Patient Safety Honor Rolls
      • Influenza Vaccination Honor Roll
      • Hepatitis B Birth Dose Honor Roll
      • MenB Vaccination Honor Roll
      • Honor Rolls Honorees
    • The Immunize.org Becky Payne Award
  • Media
    Information for the media, including how to request an interview, past press mentions, and our press releases
    • Press Room
    • Press Releases
    • Immunize.org In the News

Home / Vol. 22(2)